Advice on ecosystem services and effects

This is a new version of Advice on ecosystem service and effects,  ICES Advice 2021, section 1.1.2 (see DOI below).

ICES Advisory Plan establishes the ecosystem approach as the central tenet that governs how ICES provides independent advice on the management of human activities in our seas and oceans. Through its advice, ICES strives to advance and share the best scientific understanding of marine ecosystems and the services they provide to meet conservation, management, and sustainability goals. ICES approach to advice on ecosystem services and effects integrates the precautionary approach (PA) with the ecosystem approach and is developed in accordance with the Guide to ICES advisory framework and principles.