Evolution of feeding strategies throughout the life histories of bivalve molluscs, with emphasis on ontogeny and phylogeny

Applied research on bivalves can benefit from the insight of an evolutionary perspective, and, conversely, our understanding of bivalve evolution can benefit from research on modern species. In applying Recapitulation Theory to bivalve feeding strategies, we rely on palaeobiology and the phytogenies derived from interpreting the fossil record, and upon ecophysiology and observable physiological adaptations. Many of the problems of palaeobiology arise from the obligate use of morphometries and the absence of such data for non-preserved larval forms. Ecophysiology has identified specific adaptive strategies; however, there is a lack of detail on bivalve feeding mechanisms, nutrient requirements, and energy partitioning, and the effects of environmental variables on larvae, juveniles, and adults. Research programmes which address these issues in an open, non-traditional way are necessary. Descriptions of these systems and their adaptations are essential to the understanding of past evolutionary processes.